Form of Past Perfect Simple
| Positive | Negative | Question |
no differences | I had spoken. | I had not spoken. | Had I spoken? |
For irregular verbs, use the past participle form (see list of irregular verbs, 3rd column). For regular verbs, just add ed.
Exceptions in Spelling when Adding ed
Exceptions in Spelling when Adding ed | Example |
after final e, only add d | love – loved |
final consonant after a short, stressed vowel or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled | admit – admitted travel – travelled |
final y after a consonant becomes i | hurry – hurrie... |