Form of Past Perfect Simple
| | Positive | Negative | Question |
| no differences | I had spoken. | I had not spoken. | Had I spoken? |
For irregular verbs, use the past participle form (see list of irregular verbs, 3rd column). For regular verbs, just add ed.
Exceptions in Spelling when Adding ed
| Exceptions in Spelling when Adding ed | Example |
| after final e, only add d | love – loved |
final consonant after a short, stressed vowel or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled | admit – admitted travel – travelled |
| final y after a consonant becomes i | hurry – hurrie... |